The 100 most meaningful books of all time
A 2002 survey of around 100 well-known authors from 54 countries voted for the most meaningful book of all time
in a poll organised by editors at the Norwegian Book Clubs in Oslo. Voters included Doris Lessing, Salman Rushdie, Carlos Fuentes and Norman Mailer. Miguel de Cervantes’ tale gained 50% more votes than any other book, eclipsing works by Shakespeare, Homer and Tolstoy.
Ten authors got more than one book on to the list. After Cervantes, Fyodor Dostoevsky emerged as the most worthwhile read with four books listed. The only Shakespeare plays the authors agreed on were Hamlet, King Lear and Othello. The Bard was matched by Franz Kafka whose three angst-ridden tales of grotesque alienation on the list were The Trial, The Castle and the Complete Stories. Three works by Leo Tolstoy made it: War and Peace, Anna Karenina and The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Other Stories. William Faulkner and Virginia Woolf both scored twice, along with the Colombian Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
Other than Don Quixote in first place below, the remaining 99 titles are reproduced as published by De Norske Bokklubbene in alphabetical order and are not ranked.
- Don Quixote Miguel de Cervantes
- Things fall apart Chinua Achebe
- Fairy tales and stories Hans Christian Andersen
- Pride and prejudice Jane Austen
- Old Goriot Honore de Balzac
- Trilogy: Molloy, Malone dies, The Unnamable Samuel Beckett
- Decameron Giovanni Boccaccio
- Collected fictions Jorge Luis Borges
- Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte
- The Outsider (The Stranger) Albert Camus
- Poems Paul Celan
- Journey to the end of the night Louis-Ferdinand Celine
- Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer
- Nostromo Joseph Conrad
- The Divine Comedy Dante Alighieri
- Great expectations Charles Dickens
- Jacques the fatalist and his master Denis Diderot
- Berlin Alexanderplatz Alfred Doblin
- Crime and punishment Fyodor Dostoyevsky
- The Idiot Fyodor Dostoyevsky
- The Possessed Fyodor Dostoyevsky
- The Brothers Karamazov Fyodor Dostoyevsky
- Middlemarch George Eliot
- Invisible man Ralph Ellison
- Medea Euripides
- Absalom, Absalom William Faulkner
- The Sound and the fury William Faulkner
- Madame Bovary Gustave Flaubert
- A Sentimental education Gustave Flaubert
- Gypsy Ballads Federico Garcia Lorca
- One hundred years of solitude Gabriel Garcia Marquez
- Love in the time of cholera Gabriel Garcia Marquez
- The Epic of Gilgamesh
- Faust Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
- Dead souls Nikolai Gogol
- The Tin Drum Günter Grass
- The Devil to pay in the backlands Joao Guimaraes Rosa
- Hunger Knut Hamsun
- The Old man and the sea Ernest Hemingway
- The Iliad Homer
- The Odyssey Homer
- A Doll’s house Henrik Ibsen
- The Book of Job Anon
- Ulysses James Joyce
- The Complete Stories Franz Kafka
- The Trial Franz Kafka
- The Castle Franz Kafka
- The Recognition of Sakuntala Kalidasa
- The Sound of the mountain Yasunari Kawabata
- Zorba the Greek Nikos Kazantzakis
- Sons and lovers D H Lawrence
- Independent people Halldor K Laxness
- Complete poems Giacomo Leopardi
- The Golden notebook Doris Lessing
- Pippi Longstocking Astrid Lindgren
- Diary of a madman and other stories Lu Xun
- Mahabharata Anon
- Children of Gebelawi Naguib Mahfouz
- Buddenbrooks Thomas Mann
- The Magic Mountain Thomas Mann
- Moby Dick Herman Melville
- Essays Michel de Montaigne
- History Elsa Morante
- Beloved Toni Morrison
- The Tale of Genji Murasaki Shikibu
- The Man without qualities Robert Musil
- Lolita Vladimir Nabokov
- Njal’s saga
- 1984 George Orwell
- Metamorphoses Ovid
- The Book of Disquiet Fernando Pessoa
- The Complete tales Edgar Allan Poe
- Remembrance of things past Marcel Proust
- Gargantua and Pantagruel Francois Rabelais
- Pedro Paramo Juan Rulfo
- The Mathnawi Jalalu’l-Din Rumi
- Midnight’s children Salman Rushdie
- The Bostan of Saadi (The Orchard) Sheikh Saadi of Shiraz
- A Season of migration to the north Tayeb Salih
- Blindness Jose Saramago
- Hamlet William Shakespeare
- King Lear William Shakespeare
- Othello William Shakespeare
- Oedipus the King Sophocles
- The Red and the black Stendhal
- The Life and opinions of Tristram Shandy Laurence Sterne
- Confessions of Zeno Italo Svevo
- Gulliver’s travels Jonathan Swift
- War and Peace Leo Tolstoy
- Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy
- The Death of Ivan Ilyich and other stories Leo Tolstoy
- Selected Stories Anton Chekhov
- Thousand and One Nights
- The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain
- Ramayana Valmiki
- The Aeneid Virgil
- Leaves of grass Walt Whitman
- Mrs Dalloway Virginia Woolf
- To the lighthouse Virginia Woolf
- Memoirs of Hadrian Marguerite Yourcenar